The division of thekalima across obverse and reverse is characteristic of early Umayyad epigraphic reform issues. This bronze fals was struck during the early Umayyad Caliphate, in a period when Islamic coinage was being systematically redefined to reflect the ideological and administrative foundations of the new Islamic state.
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This copper fals was struck under the Mamluk Sultanate at the mint of Dimashq. Mint: Dimashq. Denomination: AE Fals. Sultanate: Mamluk Sultanate. Reference: Cf. Balog, Mamluk Coinage series.
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The reverse shows a cursive M denomination with cross above and surrounding legend. Proper early Arab-Byzantine fabric and strike characteristics. No signs of casting or modern tooling. Denomination: Fals (Æ Bronze).
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Remains of the Greek legend from the Byzantine prototype appear in the field. They represent one of the earliest phases of Islamic coinage before the later epigraphic reforms introduced under the Umayyads.
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These reform issues replaced earlier Byzantine-influenced designs with purely epigraphic Islamic types, reflecting the ideological consolidation of the early Islamic state. Caliphate: Umayyad. Denomination: Fals (AE).
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Mint: Trablus. Mamluk bronze fals struck at Trablus under Sultan Shaʿban II during the 14th century. Trablus mint issues of this type are recognized for their bold central devices and compact flans.
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The lion device is traditionally associated with Baybars and related heraldic symbolism of strength and authority. Denomination: Fals (bronze). Mamluk Sultanate. No signs of modern tooling or casting.
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Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad Copper Coinage. Greater Levant and Palestine. Ca. 78-120. AE fals (16.2 mm, 3.61 g, 12 h). Iliya (Jerusalem) mint, ND. Star within circle / Legend. Album 179; SNAT 26.
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Dynasty: Umayyad Caliphate. Denomination: AE Fals. 2 references. Fabric and strike characteristics consistent with Umayyad bronze production. Scarce type within Umayyad copper series. COA included.
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The reverse carries the standard epigraphic legend typical of fully Islamic Umayyad bronze coinage. Umayyad Fals NM ND Star Type Authentic Early Islamic Coin. Denomination: Fals (Æ Bronze). Dynasty: Umayyad Caliphate.
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